December 2013
The global average temperature for December 2013 was 0.49 ± 0.15 °C above the 1961-1990 average (down slightly from November). Sea-surface temperatures (SSTs) in the Tropical Pacific remained close to the long-term average, but together with other indicators, conditions were still El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) neutral.
During December, the global average air temperature over land was warmer than the long-term average. The pattern of temperature anomalies in the northern hemisphere bore certain similarities to November. Northern Eurasia was much warmer than average, but cooler than average conditions were reported in southern parts of the continent. Much of the US and Canada were colder than average, but Alaska and parts of the west coast were warmer than average. South America was largely warmer than average, but the far southern tip and the Antarctic Peninsula were colder than the long-term average.
SSTs were generally warmer than average. Areas of cooler than average SSTs were recorded in the eastern Pacific, south Atlantic and Southern Oceans. Unusually high water temperatures were recorded in the north Pacific, north Atlantic and western Pacific.
December 2011
The global annual average temperature for 2011 was estimated to be between 0.35 and 0.45 °C above the 1961-1990 average according to figures from theHadCRUT3, NOAA NCDC and NASA GISSanalyses. This places 2011 among the 15 warmest years and most likely between the 9th (HadCRUT3) and 12th (GISS) warmest. Although 2011 was significantly warmer than the average for the 1990s, it was cooler than average for the 2000s. The cooling relative to recent years is partly due to the double La Niñas which bookended 2011.
La Niña conditions continue, but have shown signs of weakening over the past few weeks, with sea-surface temperatures in the eastern Pacific returning to near normal. Further west, however, sea surface temperatures remain close to La Niña thresholds.
In December significant warmth - temperatures exceeding the 90th percentile - were recorded over large areas of Europe, Canada and northern Eurasia. Areas of the western Pacific, north Atlantic and Indian Ocean were also significantly warm. Significant cold - temperatures below the 10th percentile - were recorded across Australia, parts of the Eastern Pacific, a region east of the Caspian Sea, in the South Atlantic and along parts of the Antarctic coastline.
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